Battery less communication devices

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Battery less communication devices

This is from the link i gone through internet
http://www.washington.edu/news/2013/08/13/wireless-devices-go-battery-free-with-new-communication-technique/

LAYERS OF SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

LAYERS OF SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

                               

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOPS):  (eg., C++, Java)

·         This is a High level language and it is having an interactive feature of binding up of data and functions into one object to interact with data and functions of the object using object name.

                                               

·         They have the some striking features as follows,

1.       Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.

2.       Programs are divided into what are known as objects.

3.       Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects

4.      Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure.

5.       Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.

6.       Objects may communicate with each other through functions.

7.       New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.

8.       Follows bottom up approach in program design.

 

PROCEDURE PROGRAMMING: (eg., C, FORTRAN)

·     They only contain functions and each function is independent and works for given inputs. Unlike OOPD where functions can be accessed through objects here we don’t need any object name to access a function.

·         It is enough if we know the function name.

                                         

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:

·         These are simple instructions used for working with hardware.

·         Each instruction can do only small operations like move, jump, compare etc.,

·         So, they are called low level programming language.

·         But this is a language which specifies which parts of the hardware used directly in their instruction.

·         These are not written by programmers anymore but compilers will do. But if more optimized code is needed there is no other way to work out in assembly level, but it is tedious to find   how the code is written by compiler.

·    Programmers write code in higher level languages like C, C++ etc., and they are converted to low level language.

·         Based on compiler design they will generate assembly code in a different way and size of the code differs.

                              

MACHINE LANGUAGE:-

·         This is the language that can be understood only by hardware and this is basically a hexadecimal code.

·         These are read by processor and processed to do various tasks over the inputs given to the hardware (processor).

·         Hex codes are generated by assembler from assembly language based on instruction set used.

·         Instruction set is nothing but the instructions that can be used for the processor for which we are going to program.

                                  

BINARY CODE(1's and 0's) :-

·         The Hex codes are read by processor as 1’s and 0’s. It is easy to convert Hex code to binary

·         Eg., Hex value of A3 equivalent binary value is 1010 0011.

·         Based on the binary values the processor does certain operations within itself or with peripherals using ALU (Arithmetic and logic Unit).

                                   

Active and Passive devices part 1

In my previous post, I mentioned about active and passive devices which are used to play with electrons for creating a world with electronics.

Now we first discuss about passive devices.

We discussed earlier that passive devices are devices which doesn’t have any source of their own and they consume the supplied power.

In this post we will discuss about some of the passive devices.

1. Resistors:

·         All materials in this earth are resistors in one form or other

·         Resistors have 3 forms

1. Conductor

                        2. Semiconductor

                        3. Insulator

·        Conductor:  They have more number of free electrons and as a result very low electric field can make electrons to move in the direction of electric field. Here electrons are in conduction band and very less attracted to nucleus of atom. Conduction band is nothing but representation of what state an electron is in an atom. In the fig below we can see that electrons are not attracted and its movement is random over the surface of the conductor based on the imbalance of the atoms in the conductor.

·         Semiconductor:  This is the place where electronics gained its name and fame. It is a state which conducts as well as insulates but both are in a particular ration to make it a semiconductor. Normally, at low electric field the electrons in this material (semiconductor) are not in conduction band to orient electrons in the direction of electric field. But after a threshold voltage is achieved this material acts as a conductor.

     

·         Insulator: This type of material does not allow electrons to flow through it. In ideal case, an insulator material will not allow flow of electrons even though applied electric field is infinity. But practically there is no 100% insulator in this world. Every material in this earth will conduct after a particular threshold voltage.

                                     

·         Now, let us see the types of resistors

1. Fixed

2. Variable

·         Fixed: These type of resistors have a fixed value of resistance and they are made up of specific material and their resistance value is designed during manufacturing and their value is specified in certain format (like colour coding, coded values etc.)

       

·         Variable: This type of resistor has a range of resistance. The values specified in these resistors correspond to the maximum range and the minimum is obviously zero ohms. They usually have a knob to adjust the resistance manually (in steps or continuous).
     

·         Types of fixed resistors:

1. Carbon composition: Made by mixing carbon with resin or china clay.

 

2. Carbon film: Made by depositing carbon film over resin or china clay. The films have certain amount of resistance and based on deposition of film the resistance value is designated.

3. Metal film: Made by depositing metal film (alloy of tin and antimony) over resin or china clay.

                                 

                                        

4. Wire wound: Made by winding a long wire of a particular material over a ceramic or epoxy substrate (mould). The wire will offer a particular resistance per unit length with known wire diameter. 

·         Types of variable resistors (potentiometer):

1. Wire wound potentiometers: It is made in the same way as fixed wire wound resistors, but with the difference that there will be a contact which slides over the wire wound on a substrate (mould). This varies the length of the wire when resistance is measured between one end of wire and the slide which is also known as rheostat. Copper alloy wire used for low resistance and nickel chromium for high resistance.

2. Trimming potentiometer: These are resistors which are used for calibration purposes. Usually screw drivers are used to vary the resistance. Carbon coating over which a slide contact moves and any one end of carbon coating can be used as another contact.  

3. Carbon potentiometer: These are resistors which are manufactured either in film or moulded track. An annular ring of carbon resistance coating is done over the film. A slip ring contact over the carbon track will slide which will vary the resistance when measured from contact and one end of resistive coating.

                    

Some useful symbols for resistors

What is Electronics?

What is Electronics?

• Technics to use electrons in a required way is called electronics. The name might sound small but it is one big word which runs the world.

• We all know that electrons are from atoms, and an electron deficient atom will always try to get the required electrons to become neutralized.
• Electrons(from negative supply) move over the conductor towards the positive supply for its neutralization.
• These electrons movement is measured as current, current is indicated in opposite direction to the movement of electrons.
• Voltage is created because of the opposition of current flow in a conductor. 
• A high voltage between two points of a conductor indicates that there is an high amount of insulation between two points.
• If we connect a 5 Volts supply with 2Ah (which can give 2 ampere of current for an hour and then drain out of electrons) to the two ends of a wire one with positive and other with negative supply, various cases are shown as, 
• Case 1: If the conductor has zero resistance or insulation then 2 ampere will flow for one hour and then no flow of current after time = 1 hour.

• Case 2: Practically there will be some resistance for any conductor which will reduce the flow of current depending upon the conductor used.

• Case 3: If we use a resistor with specified value between the supply then flow of electrons controlled to our will ( but approximate due to various internal and external factors discussed later).

• So, this is what electronics is all about. Play with electrons as we play with a cricket ball( throw, hit and catch) with size as an odd factor between them.
• We play with electrons using Passive and Active devices.
• Passive devices - They consume current, it does not have source of its own, eg, resistor, inductor, capacitor etc.
• Active devices - They increase current or use the voltage only and don't dissipate or consume any of given input supply for the device, it has its own source of supply, eg, amplifier, Integrated Circuits (IC's), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)etc.  

                  

An Initiative for giving what i have....

This is a world with computers as its brain cells, wires and radio transceivers as the nerve connects and the internet as its central nervous system, many things are tough now without this massive network of cells.

I am learning many things from internet, seen so many videos from YouTube, downloaded many movies, songs, games and lots of software, shared posts on Facebook and sent countless e-mails. There is nothing i haven't used on internet, almost everything. But i have one big guilty feeling whenever i read or use something that someone have created, it is almost like using other peoples work for my own selfish use. I want everything from internet but in return i give nothing. So, i thought of creating a blog that will be useful for at least one person who is hungry in need for a particular thing which i know, at least the basics.

This blog is meant for learning technical stuffs related to electronics...I will try my level best to keep it updated with new information and notes.

Comments are always welcome for my posts because "Critics are the credits for a work".