Friday, 6 June 2014
Thursday, 5 June 2014
Modified A-Star Algorithm
Modified A Star Algorithm
For Processing IDE Program Code Click here
For PPT slides of the algorithm Click here
Thursday, 29 May 2014
Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
This is such a wonderful video that explains the theory of relativity by Einstein...please do watch
Sunday, 4 May 2014
TIC TAC TOE IN PROCESSING UNDER ANDROID MODE
Hello everyone!!!
I had a thought of developing an Android application for a
long time. I created an application successfully and became little familiar now
on how to create an android app using processing software.
Professional android apps are developed using eclipse, but
it is very tedious for me to learn because of lack of knowledge in Java. My
friend gave me an idea that we can create android apps using processing under
android mode easily which uses basic C syntax. I tried it and became successful
within a short period.
Refer the link below to learn android processing. I recommend it for
developing simple to medium complexity android apps.
All you have to do is to download Processing software from
the following link.
Then open processing, initially on the top right corner Java
mode will be seen. We need to change to android mode to create android apps. I
will show you the shortest way to create unsigned android app for the program
written. Signed app can be created by following the steps available in the
internet to distribute the developed app in Google Play (which I haven’t tried).
Click the Java mode on top right corner, from the drop down
select add mode. Then install android mode from the newly opened window.
Now the top right corner will change to android mode. Write
the code and select sketch à
run in emulator. To run in emulator you have to install latest JDK, the steps
to do it is given in processing website.
After selecting run in emulator, you can see some texts
running on the console. After the “debug” text appear on the console, move few
lines back to see the link which ends with .apk extension.
Copy the link and paste it in Run from start menu. Then a
window opens where the apk file for the program exist. We can copy and install
in android phone to run the app.
The code running in emulator
The unsigned .apk file to install in android phone is given below.
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BzTE0x13LEHYWUxUdmtmX2xHMzQ/edit
Code for the Tic Tac Toe application is given below.
PFont f;
int g=1,i,j,wid,hei;
float x=0.0;
Boolean win=false;
Boolean breaker=true;
int[][] mat;
char[] s={'O','X'};
void setup()
{
mat=new int[3][3];
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
mat[i][j]=0;
}
if(displayWidth>displayHeight) // For scaling different screen sizes
{
wid=displayHeight;
hei=displayHeight;
}
else
{
wid=displayWidth;
hei=displayWidth;
}
background(0);
while(700*x<wid)
x=x+0.01;
scale(x);
template();
}
void draw()
{
scale(x);
if(mousePressed && breaker==true)
{
f=createFont("Georgia",100);
textFont(f);
fill(255);
if(mouseX<2*wid/7&&mouseY<2*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],70,130); //1st box
mat[0][0]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX<4*wid/7&&mouseY<2*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],270,130);//2nd box
mat[0][1]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX<6*wid/7&&mouseY<2*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],470,130);//3rd box
mat[0][2]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX<2*wid/7&&mouseY<4*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],70,330);//4th box
mat[1][0]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX<4*wid/7&&mouseY<4*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],270,330);//5th box
mat[1][1]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX<6*wid/7&&mouseY<4*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],470,330);//6th box
mat[1][2]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX<2*wid/7&&mouseY<6*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],70,530);//7th box
mat[2][0]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX<4*wid/7&&mouseY<6*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],270,530);//8th box
mat[2][1]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX<6*wid/7&&mouseY<6*hei/7&&win==false)
{
text(s[g],470,530);//9th box
mat[2][2]=g+2;
}
else if(mouseX>4*wid/7&&mouseY>6*hei/7)//reset
{
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
mat[i][j]=0;
}
win=false;
background(0);
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
stroke(255,0,0);
if((mat[0][0]==g+2&&mat[1][1]==g+2&&mat[2][2]==g+2))
{
line(0,0,600,600);
win=true;
}
else if((mat[0][2]==g+2&&mat[1][1]==g+2&&mat[2][0]==g+2))
{
line(0,600,600,0);
win=true;
}
else if((mat[0][i]==g+2&&mat[1][i]==g+2&&mat[2][i]==g+2))
{
line(100+(i*200),0,100+(i*200),600);
win=true;
}
else if((mat[i][0]==g+2&&mat[i][1]==g+2&&mat[i][2]==g+2))
{
line(0,100+(i*200),600,100+(i*200));
win=true;
}
}
if(win!=true)
{
g=g+1;
if(g==2)
g=0;
}
template();
breaker=false;
}
if(breaker==false && mousePressed==false)
breaker=true;
}
void template()
{
stroke(255);
strokeWeight(15);
fill(255);
line(200,0,200,700);
line(400,0,400,700);
line(0,200,600,200);
line(0,400,600,400);
line(0,600,600,600);
f=createFont("Georgia",30);
textFont(f);
text("Tic Tac Toe",225,660);
fill(255,0,0);
text("Reset",460,660);
fill(0);
noStroke();
rect(20,625,125,50);
f=createFont("Georgia",30);
textFont(f);
fill(255);
if(win==true)
{
text(s[g],25,660);
text("WINS",50,660);
}
else
{
text(s[g],25,660);
text("'s Turn",50,660);
}
}
Saturday, 5 April 2014
MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TIMER FOR LOAD CONTROL
Hello everyone, It has been a long time since my last post, I was a little busy with my final year project. In this blog I would like to share a project which I have already done a year ago as a mini project.
PCB Design (PROTEUS ARES PROFESSIONAL)
Construction & Working:
COMPLETED PROJECT
Program code:
IMPLEMENTATION OF MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TIMER FOR
LOAD CONTROL
Project Overview
The objective of the project is to switch on/off the load
depending upon the timer value set. The design of circuit, simulation and creation
of PCB is carried out using PROTEUS 7 professional software. The components
primarily used are microcontroller (IC AT89c51), seven segment display, relay,
switches & led’s etc.
This design works in 3 modes.
Mode 0: This is an ON timer. Load is ON initially; after
Timer is started Load is ON till the timer value expires.
Mode 1: This is an OFF timer. Load is OFF initially; after
Timer is started Load is OFF till the timer value expires.
Mode 2: This is an ON/OFF timer. Load is ON/OFF initially
based on setting for type of repeat set, here the Load is ON and OFF
alternatively based on timer setting for both operation.
Stages of Project Design
The overall design of the project
has been divided into two stages. They are described as follows:
Software design and simulation
The code for performing the
objective of the project is written in ALP (Assembly Language Programming).
This code is compiled using Keil Vision. The
µVision3 IDE is a Windows-based software development platform that combines a
robust editor, project manager, and make facility. µVision3 integrates all
tools including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file
generator. The developed circuited diagram is simulated using Proteus ISIS
Professional. Then the hex file generated using keil µVision is loaded into the
microcontroller ic using universal programmer. For performing the PCB design we
use PROTEUS ARES.
Hardware Design
This stage basically involves the
connecting of all hardware components with each other. Intially the PCB layout
is printed in a white sheet using laser printer. This printed circuit is
deposited on the copper clad by ironing the white sheet on the clad. Then
immerse the clad in the ferric chloride acid - the circuit tracks are not
etched on the copper plate but only the non-inked exposed parts of the Copper
clad. Now the components are placed on the PCB board and soldering is
performed. After completion of interfacing, a trial run is done so as to ensure
that all the components are working satisfactorily.
Block Diagram
Block Diagram Description
The microcontroller is
connected to input output peripherals as shown in the block diagram. When the
power is turned ON, the microcontroller and the load turns ON. Among the three
modes, any one mode is selected using the input push button switch. After
selecting the mode, the timing values are also given using the push button
switches - the values that are given are displayed in the output seven segment
display.
After all procedures,
the start push button switch is turned ON and the load is ON till the timer set value. When
the timer value attains zero the load changes its present state.
Circuit Diagram (PROTEUS ISIS PROFESSIONAL)
PCB Design (PROTEUS ARES PROFESSIONAL)
Steps to be followed for PCB design
- Design
the PCB in ARES professional
- Take
Laser printout of the layout.
- In
a copper clad place the printout and iron it for about 10 mins
- Then
drop the copper clad along with printout into a water bath so that the
tracks are stuck to the copper clad firmly.
- Remove
the printout paper, now the copper clad will have the circuit tracks which
are nothing but ink transferred from printout to clad
- The
tracks isolate the parts of the copper clad where we want tracks and other
parts will be etched when the clad is dropped into Ferric chloride bath
- Depending
on the concentration of Ferric chloride acid the etching time varies
- Now
we will get the etched PCB, the ink is removed using thinner or kerosene
- Drill
holes in PCB at via points with 0.5mm drill bit.
- Then
solder the components optional Tin bath can be done for covering the track
with Tin for ease of soldering.
PCB Layout can also be designed using "Express PCB" software
I found it easy to design with it than with ARES.
Try with this also.
PCB LAYOUT printed using EXPRESS PCB
Construction & Working:
Construction
The components in circuit shown are
placed in the PCB board and soldered. 12V power supply is used for the
operation of the circuit, 12 v for the relay and 5v for microcontroller and
7Segment LED regulated using IC7805. Crystal oscillator of 11.592 MHz is used a
clock frequency. The push button switches and the seven segment display are
connected as shown in circuit diagram. Here six push button switches are used .
1.
For incrementing the count value
(INC).
2.
For decrementing the count value
(DEC).
3.
For starting the operation
(START).
4.
For confirming the value set
(NEXT).
5.
For Repeat mode initial setting
(ON/OFF)
6.
For resetting the controller.
Relay
is interfaced with microcontroller using a transistor 2N2222 NPN, since each
port pin cannot supply enough to drive the relay which needs around 100mA, we
make use of external pull up even though each port pin of microcontroller has
10K internal pull up except port 0.
Thus
from each port pin we can get a maximum of
0.5mA(since I=5V/10K=0.5mA), in
order to get 100mA to drive the relay we use a transistor that has href of 100,
so that if input is 1mA the output current is 100mA amplified. So to get 1mA at
base of transistor for obtaining required current output we have to add
additional 0.5mA to the base this is
done by using 10Kohms resistor and connecting in parallel to internal pull ups
(since I=5V/10K=0.5mA), thus 0.5mA+0.5mA will give 1mA, transistor will amplify
to 100mA so that we can drive the relay if the pin P2.7 is ON.
Softwares used for project design
- PROTEUS ISIS PROFESSIONAL.
- Keil µ Vision3.
Work done using Proteus 7 professional
ISIS professional
- Components for our project is placed in the workspace
- They are interconnected as per the circuit desired
- Microcontroller IC is linked with the Hex code generated from Keil uvision3 software
- The whole circuit is simulated for any error.
ARES professional
- The components used in the simulation of schematic is linked to the PCB design software i.e. ARES professional
- The tracks are drawn for the circuit this is done easily by the guiding procedure followed by ARES which links with the circuit in schematic.
- The final circuit is printed for making PCB
Work done using keil uvision3:
- Code is written in Embedded C language for our project
- It is then compiled for any errors and debugged
- Then the Hex code for the program is generated
- The Hex code is then linked to Proteus ISIS simulation.
Working
Initially, the output from all the port pins
of the controller will be in high state i.e. 5v. First the operating mode of
operation is selected using push button switches. Now the push button switches
are operated in order to load the count value (values are displayed in the
seven segment display). After pressing the start button the timer starts
counting and resets, due to which load changes its state according to the mode
of operation selected.
The output is taken across pin no:
28 (P2.7). The output signal from this pin is amplified using a NPN transistor(2N2222)
to drive the relay. So load changes its state according to the from this pin, which is controlled by the timing
value stored in the timer register.
STEPS FOR WORKING:
1.
Select the mode of operation, viz. 0, 1, 2. This can be chosen using INC and
DEC button.
2.
Press NEXT button
3.
According the mode selected enter the timer value for each digit of HH/MM/SS
4.
Make use of INC and DEC button to choose a number between 0 to 9 for each of
six digits in case of first two modes and 12 digits in case of repeat mode
(mode 2) since it is having ON time and OFF time value to be set.
5.
Press NEXT after choosing each digit for HH/MM/SS, which is displayed in 7 Seg
LED
6.
Then after setting the timer value press START button.
7.
In case of mode 2 select ON/OFF, it is OFF the load first then ON the load type
of operation by default, on pressing the ON/OFF button ON the load first then
OFF the load type of operation is selected. This sequence will repeat forever.
To Visit the you tube link of simulated working Click here
To Visit the you tube link of real time working Click here
#include<reg51.h>
#define side0 P0
sbit inc=P2^0;
sbit dec=P2^1;
sbit onoff=P2^2;
sbit next=P2^3;
sbit start=P2^4;
sbit relay=P2^7;
void work(unsigned int);
void delay(unsigned int);
void converter(int);
int x;
void main(void)
{
int b;
relay=0;
x=0;
while(1)
{
side0=~0x9c;
delay(50);
for(b=0;b<3;b++)
{
converter(b);
while(inc==1&&dec==1&&next==1);
if(next==0)
{
while(next==0);
work(b);
}
if(dec==0)
b=b-2;
while(inc==0||dec==0);
if(b==2||b==-2)
b=-1;
}
}
}
void work(unsigned int f)
{
int c,d,e=0,b[15],e1,a1,d1,b1,z,val[3];
x=0;
if(f==0||f==1) //on or off timer value initialize
{
for(c=-1;c<10;c++)
{
converter(c);
while(inc==1&&dec==1&&next==1);
if(next==0&&c!=-1)
{
while(next==0);
b[x]=c;
x=x+1;
c=-2;
if(x==6) //to
break from for loop
c=11;
}
if(dec==0)
c=c-2;
while(inc==0||dec==0);
if(c==9)
{
c=-2;
}
}
}
else if(f==2) //repetition timer value initialize
{
for(d=0;d<=7;d=d+7) //b[0]-b[5]
& b[7]-b[12]
{
x=0;
for(c=-1;c<10;c++)
{
converter(c);
while(inc==1&&dec==1&&next==1);
if(next==0)
{
while(next==0);
b[x+d]=c;
x=x+1;
c=-2;
if(x==6||x==13) //to
break from for loop
c=10;
}
if(dec==0)
c=c-2;
while(inc==0||dec==0);
if(c==9)
c=-2;
}
}
}
while(1)
{
if(f!=2)
{
while(start==1);
relay=1-f;
val[0]=((b[0]*10)+b[1])*60*60;
val[1]=((b[2]*10)+b[3])*60;
val[2]=(b[4]*10)+b[5];
for(e1=0;e1<3;e1++)
{
for(a1=0;a1<val[e1];a1++)
{
for(d1=0;d1<10;d1++)
{
for(b1=0;b1<15500;b1++);
}
}
}
relay=~relay;
}
else if(f==2)
{
converter(e=0);
z=0;
while(start==1)
{
if(onoff==0)
{
z=1;
converter(e=1);
}
}
while(1)
{
relay=z;
val[0]=((b[0]*10)+b[1])*60*60;
val[1]=((b[2]*10)+b[3])*60;
val[2]=(b[4]*10)+b[5];
for(e1=0;e1<3;e1++)
{
for(a1=0;a1<val[e1];a1++)
{
for(d1=0;d1<10;d1++)
{
for(b1=0;b1<15500;b1++);
}
}
}
relay=~relay;
val[0]=((b[7]*10)+b[8])*60*60;
val[1]=((b[9]*10)+b[10])*60;
val[2]=(b[11]*10)+b[12];
for(e1=0;e1<3;e1++)
{
for(a1=0;a1<val[e1];a1++)
{
for(d1=0;d1<10;d1++)
{
for(b1=0;b1<15500;b1++);
}}}}
}
while(start==1);
while(start==0);
}
}
void converter(int d)
{
if(d==0)
side0=~0xfc;
else if(d==1)
side0=~0x60;
else if(d==2)
side0=~0xda;
else if(d==3)
side0=~0xf2;
else if(d==4)
side0=~0x66;
else if(d==5)
side0=~0xb6;
else if(d==6)
side0=~0xbe;
else if(d==7)
side0=~0xe0;
else if(d==8)
side0=~0xfe;
else if(d==9)
side0=~0xf6;
else
{
if(x==0||x==7)//hours
side0=~0x6e;
else if(x==2||x==9)//min
side0=~0x2a;
else if(x==4||x==11)//sec
side0=~0xb6;
delay(50);
side0=~0x00;
}
}
void delay(unsigned int n)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<2000;j++);
}
11. Conclusion & References
The Microcontroller based timer for
load control is one of the project which will be very useful for home as well
as office applications to reduce the burden of the people to switch ON and OFF
the appliances around them. Once the timing is set the operation is continuous
and reliable.
If you have any doubt regarding the project feel free to comment below
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